Isolated mitral valve endocarditis: Patient, disease, and surgical factors that influence outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to investigate patient characteristics, valve pathology, bacteriology, and surgical techniques related to outcome of patients who underwent surgery for isolated native (NVE) or prosthetic (PVE) mitral valve endocarditis. METHODS: From January 2002 to January 2020, 447 isolated mitral endocarditis operations were performed, 326 for NVE and 121 for PVE. Multivariable analysis of time-related outcomes used random forest machine learning. RESULTS: Staphylococcus aureus was the most common causative organism. Of 326 patients with NVE, 88 (27%) underwent standard mitral valve repair, 43 (13%) extended repair, and 195 (60%) valve replacement. Compared with NVE with standard repair, patients who underwent all other operations were older, had more comorbidities, worse cardiac function, and more invasive disease. Hospital mortality was 3.8% (n = 17); 0 (0%) after standard valve repair, 3 (7.0%) after extended repair, 8 (4.1%) after NVE replacement, and 6 (5.0%) after PVE re-replacement. Survival at 1, 5, and 10 years was 91%, 75%, and 62% after any repair and 86%, 62%, and 44% after replacement, respectively. The most important risk factor for mortality was renal failure. Risk-adjusted outcomes, including survival, were similar in all groups. Unadjusted extended repair outcomes, particularly early, were similar or worse than replacement in terms of reinfection, reintervention, regurgitation, gradient, and survival. CONCLUSIONS: A patient- and pathology-tailored approach to surgery for isolated mitral valve endocarditis has low mortality and excellent results. Apparent superiority of standard valve repair is related to patient characteristics and pathology. Renal failure is the most powerful risk factor. In case of extensive destruction, extended repair shows no benefit over replacement.

A cardiac intimal sarcoma mimicking infective endocarditis.

Primary malignant cardiac tumors are rare and usually misdiagnosed because they can mimic more common intracardiac lesions, therefore, in clinical practice it is important to always consider even uncommon diseases in order to avoid delayed diagnosis and to plan the most appropriate therapeutic strategy in a timely fashion. We report a case of a 73-year-old man with clinical signs and imaging findings (echocardiography) suggesting infective bacterial endocarditis of the mitral valve. However, intraoperative evaluation raised suspicion that the mitral lesions had a different nature. Surgical removal of the mass was performed, and the final correct diagnosis was made through pathologic examination, revealing a mitral valve sarcoma thus allowing for the beginning of specific oncological treatment.

Detection rate of brain MR and MR angiography for neuroimaging abnormality in patients with newly diagnosed left-sided infective endocarditis.

We aimed to investigate the detection rate of brain MR and MR angiography for neuroimaging abnormality in newly diagnosed left-sided infective endocarditis patients with/without neurological symptoms. This retrospective study included consecutive patients with definite or possible left-sided infective endocarditis according to the modified Duke criteria who underwent brain MRI and MR angiography between March 2015 and October 2020. The detection rate for neuroimaging abnormality on MRI was defined as the number of patients with positive brain MRI findings divided by the number of patients with left-sided infective endocarditis. Positive imaging findings included acute ischemic lesions, cerebral microbleeds, hemorrhagic lesions, and infectious aneurysms. In addition, aneurysm rupture rate and median period to aneurysm rupture were evaluated on follow-up studies. A total 115 patients (mean age: 55 years ± 19; 65 men) were included. The detection rate for neuroimaging abnormality was 77% (89/115). The detection rate in patients without neurological symptoms was 70% (56/80). Acute ischemic lesions, cerebral microbleeds, and hemorrhagic lesions including superficial siderosis and intracranial hemorrhage were detected on MRI in 56% (64/115), 57% (66/115), and 20% (23/115) of patients, respectively. In particular, infectious aneurysms were detected on MR angiography in 3% of patients (4/115), but MR angiography in 5 patients (4.3%) was insignificant for infectious aneurysm, which were detected using CT angiography (n = 3) and digital subtraction angiography (n = 2) during follow-up. Among the 9 infectious aneurysm patients, aneurysm rupture occurred in 4 (44%), with a median period of aneurysm rupture of 5 days. The detection rate of brain MRI for neuroimaging abnormality in newly diagnosed left-sided infective endocarditis patients was high (77%), even without neurological symptoms (70%).

Infection-Related Cryoglobulinemic Glomerulonephritis with Serum Anti-Factor B Antibodies Identified and Staining for NAPlr/Plasmin Activity Due to Infective Endocarditis.

In this rare case of infection-related cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis with infective endocarditis, a 78-year-old male presented with an acute onset of fever and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. His blood culture results were positive for Cutibacterium modestum, and transesophageal echocardiography showed vegetation. He was diagnosed with endocarditis. His serum immunoglobulin M, IgM-cryoglobulin, and proteinase-3-anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody levels were elevated, and his serum complement 3 (C3) and C4 levels were decreased. Renal biopsy results showed endocapillary proliferation, mesangial cell proliferation, and no necrotizing lesions on light microscopy, with strong positive staining for IgM, C3, and C1q in the capillary wall. Electron microscopy showed deposits in the mesangial area in the form of fibrous structures without any humps. Histological examination confirmed a diagnosis of cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis. Further examination showed the presence of serum anti-factor B antibodies and positive staining for nephritis-associated plasmin receptor and plasmin activity in the glomeruli, suggesting infective endocarditis-induced cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis.

Spondyloarthritis and nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis as paraneoplastic manifestations in treatment-naive Burkitt lymphoma.

Non-radiographic axial spondyloarthropathy (nr-axSpA) is a clinical diagnosis of symptoms matching inflammatory back pain criteria without radiological lesions at the sacroiliac joint. The frequency of an early nr-axSpA-like presentation in lymphoma patients has not been clarified. Here we report a woman in her 20s with a fever and musculoskeletal discomfort. Detailed investigations revealed that she was suffering from Burkitt lymphoma in which nr-axSpA-like symptoms were a musculoskeletal manifestation of the disease, irrelevant to the anti-neoplastic treatment.

Elucidating common pathogenic transcriptional networks in infective endocarditis and sepsis: integrated insights from biomarker discovery and single-cell RNA sequencing.

Background: Infective Endocarditis (IE) and Sepsis are two closely related infectious diseases, yet their shared pathogenic mechanisms at the transcriptional level remain unclear. This research gap poses a barrier to the development of refined therapeutic strategies and drug innovation. Methods: This study employed a collaborative approach using both microarray data and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data to identify biomarkers for IE and Sepsis. It also offered an in-depth analysis of the roles and regulatory patterns of immune cells in these diseases. Results: We successfully identified four key biomarkers correlated with IE and Sepsis, namely CD177, IRAK3, RNASE2, and S100A12. Further investigation revealed the central role of Th1 cells, B cells, T cells, and IL-10, among other immune cells and cytokines, in the pathogenesis of these conditions. Notably, the small molecule drug Matrine exhibited potential therapeutic effects by targeting IL-10. Additionally, we discovered two Sepsis subgroups with distinct inflammatory responses and therapeutic strategies, where CD177 demonstrated significant classification value. The reliability of CD177 as a biomarker was further validated through qRT-PCR experiments. Conclusion: This research not only paves the way for early diagnosis and treatment of IE and Sepsis but also underscores the importance of identifying shared pathogenic mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets at the transcriptional level. Despite limitations in data volume and experimental validation, these preliminary findings add new perspectives to our understanding of these complex diseases.

Mobile Mitral Valve Vegetations: Not Your Usual Endocarditis.

Mitral annular calcification (MAC) is a chronic degenerative condition that is associated with age, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and tobacco use. Mobile calcified lesions can be mistaken for endocarditis on trans-thoracic echocardiogram (TTE), creating a unique diagnostic challenge. In this case, we describe a young dialysis patient who presented with dyspnea on exertion with no obvious etiology on initial work-up. TTE was obtained, which showed mobile lesions on the mitral and aortic valves, initially thought to be endocarditis, but later diagnosed as MAC. Trans-esophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a useful modality to differentiate mobile masses on the mitral valve.

Impact of Brain MRI on the Diagnosis of Infective Endocarditis and Treatment Decisions: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND. Despite increasing use of brain MRI to evaluate patients with suspected infective endocarditis, the clinical impact of brain MRI in this setting has not yet been systematically reviewed. OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of brain MRI findings in patients with suspected or confirmed infective endocarditis and to determine the impact of such findings on clinical decisions. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION. A systematic search of the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases was performed from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 2020, to identify original research investigations of brain MRI in patients with suspected or confirmed infective endocarditis. Study quality was assessed with QUADAS-2. Study endpoints included the frequency of brain MRI findings and the frequency of diagnostic modifications, modification of therapeutic plan, and modification of valve surgery plan resulting from MRI findings. Frequencies were pooled by means of the inverse variance method. Subgroup analysis was performed. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS. A total of 21 studies with 2133 patients were included. Overall study quality was considered moderate. In terms of brain MRI findings, the pooled frequency of acute ischemic lesions was 61.9% (95% CI, 50.7-71.9%); of cerebral microbleeds, 52.9% (95% CI, 41.6-63.9%); hemorrhagic lesions, 24.7% (95% CI, 15.1-37.9%); abscess or meningitis, 9.5% (95% CI, 5.6-15.6%); and intracranial mycotic aneurysm, 6.2% (95% CI, 4.0-9.4%). Subgroup analysis after exclusion of three studies in which neurologic findings were the indication for all brain MRI examinations yielded similar frequencies of these findings. Six studies included results on the impact of brain MRI findings on clinical decisions. The frequencies of diagnostic modifications in two studies were 5.4% and 32.1%. The pooled frequency of therapeutic plan modification in six studies was 12.8% (95% CI, 6.5-23.7%) and of surgical plan modification in five studies was 14.2% (95% CI, 8.2-23.4%). CONCLUSION. In patients with suspected or confirmed infective endocarditis, brain MRI examinations commonly show relevant abnormalities that affect diagnostic and therapeutic clinical decisions. CLINICAL IMPACT. The findings support a potential role for screening brain MRI in the evaluation of patients with suspected or confirmed infective endocarditis, regardless of the presence or absence of neurologic symptoms.

Morphologic Findings in Native Mitral Valves Replaced for Isolated Acute Infective Endocarditis.

Described here are some clinical and morphological observations in 37 adults having mitral valve replacement for active infective endocarditis limited to the mitral valve. The operatively-excised mitral valves are illustrated in 11 of the 37 patients, and photographs in them show that mitral valve repair in them would have been fruitless. Of the 37 patients, 32 (86%) survived the early operative period (30 days) and 31 (84%) were alive one year after the mitral operation. Of the 37 patients, 34 (92%) appeared to have had anatomically normal mitral valves before the infective endocarditis appeared.

Post-treatment bacterial endocarditis mimicking fungal organisms: a morphologic comparison and tips for avoiding this diagnostic pitfall.

BACKGROUND: Histopathologic differentiation of bacterial endocarditis from yeast-like fungal endocarditis is usually straightforward; however, an underappreciated phenomenon is the effect of antimicrobial therapy on bacterial size, shape and septa (cross-wall) formation resulting in bacterial forms that mimic yeast-like fungi. In this article we illustrate the alterations that occur in antibiotic-treated Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis and compare these changes to histopathologic findings in unaltered S. aureus and Histoplasma endocarditis, respectively. METHODS: Resected valves from three cases of endocarditis were compared based on the type ofinflammatory reaction, organism morphology and culture results. Case 1 was S. aureus endocarditis initially misclassified as Histoplasma due to its atypical morphologic and histopathologic features. The two cases included for comparison were an S. aureus endocarditis with more classic features and an Histoplasma capsulatum endocarditis. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Gram, periodic acid Schiff (PAS), Gomori-Grocott methenamine silver stains (GMS), and culture results were compared in all cases. Molecular and immunohistochemistry tests were used for confirmation of first case. High power oil-immersion was used to visualize organisms' characteristics in all three cases. RESULTS: Case 1 and Case 3 (Histoplasma-infected valves) had fibrinous exudates with scattered macrophages. The microorganisms observed in the first case of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) were ∼ 2-3 µm by GMS stain and had prominent septations. Histoplasma yeast were round to oval, ∼ 3-4 µm in size and demonstrated budding. S. aureus without alterations were round, ∼ 1 µm in size, and lacked prominent septations. Necrotizing purulent inflammation was present in the unaltered case of MSSA. The MSSA case with alterations from antibiotic treatment did not stain well with the Gram stain and organisms were best visualized with the PAS and GMS stains. CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic therapy for bacterial endocarditis can alter the inflammatory reaction to infection, bacterial size, septa formation, and staining characteristics. Knowledge of these therapy-related effects and use of high-power magnification helps to avoid misclassification as yeast-like fungi.

Spine immobilization and neurological outcome in vertebral osteomyelitis SPONDIMMO, a prospective multicentric cohort.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to describe spine immobilization in a multicentric cohort of vertebral osteomyelitis (VO), and evaluate its association with neurological complications during follow-up. METHODS: We prospectively included patients from 2016 to 2019 in 11 centers. Immobilization, imaging, and neurological findings were specifically analyzed during a 6-month follow-up period. RESULTS: 250 patients were included, mostly men (67.2%, n=168). Mean age was 66.7±15 years. Diagnosis delay was 25 days. The lumbo-sacral spine was most frequently involved (56.4%). At diagnosis, 25.6% patients (n=64) had minor neurological signs and 9.2% (n=23) had major ones. Rigid bracing was prescribed for 63.5% (n=162) of patients, for a median of 6 weeks, with variability between centers (P<0.001). The presence of epidural inflammation and abscess on imaging was associated with higher rates of rigid bracing prescription (OR 2.33, P=0.01). Frailness and endocarditis were negatively associated with rigid bracing prescription (OR 0.65, P<0.01, and OR 0.42, P<0.05, respectively). During follow up, new minor or major neurological complications occurred in respectively 9.2% (n=23) and 6.8% (n=17) of patients, with similar distribution between immobilized and non-immobilized patients. CONCLUSION: Spine immobilization prescription during VO remains heterogeneous and seems associated inflammatory lesions on imaging but negatively associated with frailness and presence of endocarditis. Neurological complications can occur despite rigid bracing. Our data suggest that in absence of any factor associated with neurological complication spine bracing might not be systematically indicated. We suggest that spine immobilization should be discussed for each patient after carefully evaluating their clinical signs and imaging findings.

REACTIVE AMYLOID A PROTEIN AMYLOIDOSIS IN THE SETTING OF INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS MANIFESTING AS BILATERAL ORBITOPATHY AND CHOROIDOPATHY.

PURPOSE: To describe a case of amyloid A protein amyloidosis that produced an orbital inflammatory response with a novel presentation. METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 24-year-old Caucasian women with a history of intravenous heroin use was hospitalized for tricuspid valve endocarditis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, as well as acute renal failure. She received hemodialysis and intravenous daptomycin and had negative blood cultures for 3 weeks, when she developed sudden bilateral orbital swelling and blurred vision. Visual acuity was 20/200 in the right eye and 20/400 in the left eye. Examination revealed proptosis, conjunctival chemosis and desiccation, optic disk swelling, creamy choroidal infiltrates, and inferiorly located exudative retinal detachments in both eyes. Multimodal imaging demonstrated thickening of the sclera, choroid, and choriocapillaris as well as outer retinal disruption, subretinal fluid, and deposits of hyperfluorescent debris within the choriocapillaris, outer retina, and vitreous. Oral prednisone at 60 mg per day resolved the choroidal infiltrates and exudative detachments. Persistent nephrotic syndrome called for a renal biopsy, which demonstrated amyloid A protein amyloidosis. CONCLUSION: Orbital and choroidal Amyloid A protein amyloidosis can induce a local inflammatory response manifesting as orbital swelling, papillitis, posterior scleritis, choroiditis, and exudative retinal detachment, which responds to steroid therapy. The underlying pathology is likely a reactive inflammatory, vasoocclusive process involving the choriocapillaris and orbital vasculature to the presence of amyloid fibrils.

Prenatally diagnosed pseudoaneurysm of mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrous area.

The mitral-aortic intervalvular fibrosa (MAIVF) is an avascular, fibrous structure that provides continuity between the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve and the aortic valve. Pseudoaneurysm of the MAIVF is rare and has been most commonly described in adults and, more rarely, in children following cardiac surgery or endocarditis. Few reports have been published on cases with congenital pseudoaneurysm of the MAIVF. Here, we describe five cases of congenital pseudoaneurysm of the MAIVF identified prenatally and an additional six cases diagnosed postnatally. This is an unusual finding of varying clinical significance, which can be isolated or associated with complex congenital heart disease but, importantly, can be identified and monitored in the fetus. © 2022 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

MRI versus CT in the detection of brain lesions in patients with infective endocarditis before or after cardiac surgery.

PURPOSE: Imaging of brain involvement in infective endocarditis can drive the clinical management of this serious condition. MRI is very sensitive, but CT is more readily available. In this retrospective study, we compared the detection rates of CT and MRI. METHODS: After Ethics Committee approval, we retrospectively reviewed a series of 20 patients (13 males, median age 64 years) who underwent both CT and MRI either before or after cardiac surgery for definite infective endocarditis. Plain CT and MRI were evaluated for acute ischemic lesions, both punctuate and large, intraparenchymal hemorrhages, cerebral microbleeds, subarachnoid hemorrhages, abscesses, microabscesses, and meningitis. Qualitative assessment and McNemar test were performed. The value of contrast-enhanced scans (MRI, n = 14; CT, n = 9) and cognitive status were also assessed. RESULTS: A total of 166 lesions were identified on either technique: 137 (83%) on MRI only, 4 (2%) on CT only, and 25 (15%) on both techniques (p < 0.001). For these last 25 lesions, concordance on lesion type was only 16/25 (64%). MRI detected more microbleeds and ischemic lesions, while the 4 CT-only findings were false positives. Contrast-enhanced scans identified 68 enhancing lesions, mainly abscesses and microabscesses, and allowed a better characterization for 61/117 lesions (52%) with MRI, and for 11/81 (14%) with CT. Follow-up identified mild cognitive impairment in 6/13 and dementia in 3/13 patients. CONCLUSION: While CT rapidly excludes large hemorrhages in patients with infective endocarditis, MRI accurately distinguishes the whole spectrum of brain lesions, including small ischemic lesions, microbleeds, and microabscesses.

Hypercoagulation detected by routine and global laboratory hemostasis assays in patients with infective endocarditis.

BACKGROUND: Coagulation system is heavily involved into the process of infective endocarditis (IE) vegetation formation and can facilitate further embolization. In this study we aimed to assess the coagulation and platelet state in IE implementing a wide range of standard and global laboratory assays. We also aim to determine whether prothrombotic genetic polymorphisms play any role in embolization and mortality in IE patients. METHODS: 37 patients with IE were enrolled into the study. Coagulation was assessed using standard coagulation assays (activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin, fibrinogen, D-dimer concentrations) and integral assays (thromboelastography (TEG) and thrombodynamics (TD)). Platelet functional activity was estimated by flow cytometry. Single nuclear polymorphisms of coagulation system genes were studied. RESULTS: Fibrinogen concentration and fibrinogen-dependent parameters of TEG and TD were increased in patients indicating systemic inflammation. In majority of patients clot growth rate in thrombodynamics was significantly shifted towards hypercoagulation in consistency with D-dimers elevation. However, in some patients prothrombin, thromboelastography and thrombodynamics were shifted towards hypocoagulation. Resting platelets were characterized by glycoprotein IIb-IIIa activation and degranulation. In patients with fatal IE, we observed a significant decrease in fibrinogen and thrombodynamics. In patients with embolism, we observed a significant decrease in the TEG R parameter. No association of embolism or mortality with genetic polymorphisms was found in our cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that coagulation in patients with infective endocarditis is characterized by general hypercoagulability and platelet pre-activation. Some patients, however, have hypocoagulant coagulation profile, which presumably can indicate progressing of hypercoagulation into consumption coagulopathy.

Type IV Pili of Streptococcus sanguinis Contribute to Pathogenesis in Experimental Infective Endocarditis.

Streptococcus sanguinis is a common cause of infective endocarditis (IE). Efforts by research groups are aimed at identifying and characterizing virulence factors that contribute to the ability of this organism to cause IE. This Gram-positive pathogen causes heart infection by gaining access to the bloodstream, adhering to host extracellular matrix protein and/or platelets, colonizing the aortic endothelium, and incorporating itself into the aortic vegetation. While many virulence factors have been reported to contribute to the ability of S. sanguinis to cause IE, it is noteworthy that type IV pili (T4P) have not been described to be a virulence factor in this organism, although S. sanguinis strains typically encode these pili. Type IV pili are molecular machines that are capable of mediating diverse virulence functions and surface motility. T4P have been shown to mediate twitching motility in some strains of S. sanguinis, although in most strains it has been difficult to detect twitching motility. While we found that T4P are dispensable for direct in vitro platelet binding and aggregation phenotypes, we show that they are critical to the development of platelet-dependent biofilms representative of the cardiac vegetation. We also observed that T4P are required for in vitro invasion of S. sanguinis into human aortic endothelial cells, which indicates that S. sanguinis may use T4P to take advantage of an intracellular niche during infection. Importantly, we show that T4P of S. sanguinis are critical to disease progression (vegetation development) in a native valve IE rabbit model. The results presented here expand our understanding of IE caused by S. sanguinis and identify T4P as an important virulence factor for this pathogen. IMPORTANCE This work provides evidence that type IV pili produced by Streptococcus sanguinis SK36 are critical to the ability of these bacteria to attach to and colonize the aortic heart valve (endocarditis). We found that an S. sanguinis type IV pili mutant strain was defective in causing platelet-dependent aggregation in a 24-h infection assay but not in a 1-h platelet aggregation assay, suggesting that the type IV pili act at later stages of vegetation development. In a rabbit model of disease, a T4P mutant strain does not develop mature vegetations that form on the heart, indicating that this virulence factor is critical to disease and could be a target for IE therapy.

Calcific aortic valve stenosis - comparison of inflammatory lesions in the left, right, and non-coronary cusp.

BACKGROUND: Calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS) is the most frequent acquired heart valve disease in the developed world and the most common cause of heart valve replacement, particularly in older adults. It is considered a form of atherosclerosis and, like the latter, of inflammatory pathogenesis. METHODS: The incidence and severity of features of chronic inflammation (vascularization, cellular infiltration, bone metaplasia, calcification) in surgically resected semilunar cusps of a tricuspid aortic valve in 100 patients with CAVS were assessed. A novel method of placing metal clips during the operation by the surgeon to distinguish individual cusps was implemented, allowing the pathologist to associate lesions to particular cusps. The findings were evaluated statistically. RESULTS: The median age of the cohort was 73 years. There was a male predominance of 3.5:1. Almost all the patients had a medical history of risk factors - hypertension (92x), diabetes (51x), and dyslipidaemia (85x). Statistical evaluation of the pathological findings showed that the left cusp was least affected by calcification, vascularization, and chronic inflammation, compared to both the right and non-coronary cusps. On the other hand, the left cusp was the most common site of bone metaplasia. The reason for these differences is unknown. We speculate about mechanobiological effects of abnormal hemodynamics. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic inflammation plays a significant role in pathogenesis of CAVS. Distinguishing the resected aortic valve cusps by placing metal clips is a useful method to study potential differences (topography) in the pathology of individual cusps.

Nomogram based on neutrophil-to-platelet ratio to predict in-hospital mortality in infective endocarditis.

Aim: To develop a nomogram based on neutrophil-to-platelet ratio (NPR) to predict in-hospital mortality in infective endocarditis (IE) patients. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 294 consecutive patients classified as survivors or nonsurvivors according to hospitalization outcome. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors for in-hospital mortality. A nomogram based on them was established and assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: Admission NPR (odds ratio [OR] = 1.095, 95% CI: 1.037-1.156), positive blood culture (OR = 9.220; 95% CI: 1.478-57.521) and left-sided endocarditis (OR = 5.099; 95% CI: 1.104-23.553) independently predicted in-hospital mortality in IE. The area under the ROC curve for the nomogram based on these predictors was 0.832. Conclusion: The nomogram based on NPR could be used for early risk stratification of IE patients.

The Assessment of Sleep Quality in Patients Following Valve Repair and Valve Replacement for Infective Endocarditis: A Retrospective Study at a Single Center.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to measure sleep quality among patients who underwent infective endocarditis (IE) surgery and identify the risk factors involved in sleep disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, we used actigraphy, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Epworth Sleep Scale (ESS) to determine the clinical characteristics of sleep disorders in 116 patients with IE who were in rehabilitation after surgery. RESULTS Our results showed that 46 (39.7%) patients had sleep efficiency over 85%, while 70 (60.3%) patients had sleep efficiency below 85%. The correlation analysis showed that sleep efficiency was related to the duration of the disease, with a longer duration leading to lower sleep efficiency (P=0.031). The sleep efficiency of patients with IE following surgery was also affected by alcohol consumption; however, surprisingly, patients with "heavy" alcohol consumption had higher sleep efficiency (P=0.030). We found a significant correlation between sleep efficiency and postoperative interleukin-6 (IL) levels, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and preoperative erythrocyte sedimentation rate (P<0.05). No significant correlation was found between brain natriuretic peptide levels and sleep efficiency, PSQI score, or ESS score. Postoperative hemoglobin (Hb) level was associated with sleep efficiency (R=0.194, P=0.036), but there was no statistically significant correlation between the PSQI and ESS scores. Postoperative alanine transaminase (ALT) showed a significant negative correlation with sleep efficiency (R=-0.27, P=0.003). CONCLUSIONS We found a high prevalence of sleep disorders in patients with IE along with an increase in inflammatory factors, including postoperative IL-6, CRP, ALT, and Hb levels.